001/*
002 * $Id: ExpVectorLong.java 5379 2015-12-31 17:59:07Z kredel $
003 */
004
005package edu.jas.poly;
006
007
008import java.util.ArrayList;
009import java.util.Arrays;
010import java.util.List;
011
012
013/**
014 * ExpVectorLong implements exponent vectors for polynomials using arrays of
015 * long as storage unit. This class is used by ExpVector internally, there is no
016 * need to use this class directly.
017 * @see ExpVector
018 * @author Heinz Kredel
019 */
020
021public final class ExpVectorLong extends ExpVector
022/*implements AbelianGroupElem<ExpVectorLong>*/{
023
024
025    /**
026     * The data structure is an array of longs.
027     */
028    /*package*/final long[] val;
029
030
031    /**
032     * Constructor for ExpVector.
033     * @param n length of exponent vector.
034     */
035    public ExpVectorLong(int n) {
036        this(new long[n], true);
037    }
038
039
040    /**
041     * Constructor for ExpVector. Sets exponent i to e.
042     * @param n length of exponent vector.
043     * @param i index of exponent to be set.
044     * @param e exponent to be set.
045     */
046    public ExpVectorLong(int n, int i, long e) {
047        this(new long[n], true);
048        val[i] = e;
049    }
050
051
052    /**
053     * Constructor for ExpVector. Sets val.
054     * @param v representation array.
055     */
056    public ExpVectorLong(long[] v) {
057        this(v, false);
058    }
059
060
061    /**
062     * Internal constructor for ExpVector. Sets val.
063     * @param v internal representation array.
064     * @param alloc true if internal representation array is newly
065     * allocated, else false.
066     */
067    protected ExpVectorLong(long[] v, boolean alloc) {
068        super();
069        if (v == null) {
070            throw new IllegalArgumentException("null val not allowed");
071        }
072        if (alloc) {
073            val = v;
074        } else {
075            val = Arrays.copyOf(v, v.length); // > Java-5
076        }
077    }
078
079
080    /**
081     * Constructor for ExpVector. Converts a String representation to an
082     * ExpVector. Accepted format = (1,2,3,4,5,6,7).
083     * @param s String representation.
084     */
085    public ExpVectorLong(String s) throws NumberFormatException {
086        this(parse(s).val, true);
087    }
088
089
090    /**
091     * parser for ExpVector. Converts a String representation to an
092     * ExpVector. Accepted format = (1,2,3,4,5,6,7).
093     * @param s String representation.
094     * @return paresed ExpVector
095     */
096    public static ExpVectorLong parse(String s) throws NumberFormatException {
097        long[] v = null;
098        // first format = (1,2,3,4,5,6,7)
099        List<Long> exps = new ArrayList<Long>();
100        s = s.trim();
101        int b = s.indexOf('(');
102        int e = s.indexOf(')', b + 1);
103        String teil;
104        int k;
105        long a;
106        if (b >= 0 && e >= 0) {
107            b++;
108            while ((k = s.indexOf(',', b)) >= 0) {
109                teil = s.substring(b, k);
110                a = Long.parseLong(teil);
111                exps.add(Long.valueOf(a));
112                b = k + 1;
113            }
114            if (b <= e) {
115                teil = s.substring(b, e);
116                a = Long.parseLong(teil);
117                exps.add(Long.valueOf(a));
118            }
119            int length = exps.size();
120            v = new long[length];
121            for (int j = 0; j < length; j++) {
122                v[j] = exps.get(j).longValue();
123            }
124        }
125        return new ExpVectorLong(v,true);
126    }
127
128
129    /**
130     * Clone this.
131     * @see java.lang.Object#clone()
132     */
133    @Override
134    public ExpVectorLong copy() {
135        long[] w = new long[val.length];
136        System.arraycopy(val, 0, w, 0, val.length);
137        return new ExpVectorLong(w, true);
138    }
139
140
141    /**
142     * Get the exponent vector.
143     * @return val.
144     */
145    @Override
146    public long[] getVal() {
147        long[] w = new long[val.length];
148        System.arraycopy(val, 0, w, 0, val.length);
149        return w;
150        //return val;
151    }
152
153
154    /**
155     * Get the exponent at position i.
156     * @param i position.
157     * @return val[i].
158     */
159    @Override
160    public long getVal(int i) {
161        return val[i];
162    }
163
164
165    /**
166     * Set the exponent at position i to e.
167     * @param i
168     * @param e
169     * @return old val[i].
170     */
171    @Override
172    protected long setVal(int i, long e) {
173        long x = val[i];
174        val[i] = e;
175        hash = 0; // beware of race condition
176        return x;
177    }
178
179
180    /**
181     * Get the length of this exponent vector.
182     * @return val.length.
183     */
184    @Override
185    public int length() {
186        return val.length;
187    }
188
189
190    /**
191     * Extend variables. Used e.g. in module embedding. Extend this by i
192     * elements and set val[j] to e.
193     * @param i number of elements to extend.
194     * @param j index of element to be set.
195     * @param e new exponent for val[j].
196     * @return extended exponent vector.
197     */
198    @Override
199    public ExpVectorLong extend(int i, int j, long e) {
200        long[] w = new long[val.length + i];
201        System.arraycopy(val, 0, w, i, val.length);
202        if (j >= i) {
203            throw new IllegalArgumentException("i " + i + " <= j " + j + " invalid");
204        }
205        w[j] = e;
206        return new ExpVectorLong(w, true);
207    }
208
209
210    /**
211     * Extend lower variables. Extend this by i lower elements and set val[j] to
212     * e.
213     * @param i number of elements to extend.
214     * @param j index of element to be set.
215     * @param e new exponent for val[j].
216     * @return extended exponent vector.
217     */
218    @Override
219    public ExpVectorLong extendLower(int i, int j, long e) {
220        long[] w = new long[val.length + i];
221        System.arraycopy(val, 0, w, 0, val.length);
222        if (j >= i) {
223            throw new IllegalArgumentException("i " + i + " <= j " + j + " invalid");
224        }
225        w[val.length + j] = e;
226        return new ExpVectorLong(w, true);
227    }
228
229
230    /**
231     * Contract variables. Used e.g. in module embedding. Contract this to len
232     * elements.
233     * @param i position of first element to be copied.
234     * @param len new length.
235     * @return contracted exponent vector.
236     */
237    @Override
238    public ExpVectorLong contract(int i, int len) {
239        if (i + len > val.length) {
240            throw new IllegalArgumentException("len " + len + " > val.len " + val.length);
241        }
242        long[] w = new long[len];
243        System.arraycopy(val, i, w, 0, len);
244        return new ExpVectorLong(w, true);
245    }
246
247
248    /**
249     * Reverse variables. Used e.g. in opposite rings.
250     * @return reversed exponent vector.
251     */
252    @Override
253    public ExpVectorLong reverse() {
254        long[] w = new long[val.length];
255        for (int i = 0; i < val.length; i++) {
256            w[i] = val[val.length - 1 - i];
257        }
258        return new ExpVectorLong(w, true);
259    }
260
261
262    /**
263     * Reverse lower j variables. Used e.g. in opposite rings. Reverses the
264     * first j-1 variables, the rest is unchanged.
265     * @param j index of first variable reversed.
266     * @return reversed exponent vector.
267     */
268    @Override
269    public ExpVectorLong reverse(int j) {
270        if (j <= 0 || j > val.length) {
271            return this;
272        }
273        long[] w = new long[val.length];
274        // copy first
275        for (int i = 0; i < j; i++) {
276            w[i] = val[i];
277        }
278        // reverse rest
279        for (int i = j; i < val.length; i++) {
280            w[i] = val[val.length + j - 1 - i];
281        }
282        //System.out.println("val = " + Arrays.toString(val));
283        //System.out.println("w   = " + Arrays.toString(w));
284        return new ExpVectorLong(w, true);
285    }
286
287
288    /**
289     * Reverse upper j variables. Reverses the last j-1 variables, the rest is
290     * unchanged.
291     * @param j index of first variable not reversed.
292     * @return reversed exponent vector.
293     */
294    public ExpVectorLong reverseUpper(int j) {
295        if (j <= 0 || j > val.length) {
296            return this;
297        }
298        long[] w = new long[val.length];
299        for (int i = 0; i < j; i++) {
300            w[i] = val[j - 1 - i];
301        }
302        // copy rest
303        for (int i = j; i < val.length; i++) {
304            w[i] = val[i];
305        }
306        return new ExpVectorLong(w, true);
307    }
308
309
310    /**
311     * Combine with ExpVector. Combine this with the other ExpVector V.
312     * @param V the other exponent vector.
313     * @return combined exponent vector.
314     */
315    @Override
316    public ExpVectorLong combine(ExpVector V) {
317        if (V == null || V.length() == 0) {
318            return this;
319        }
320        ExpVectorLong Vl = (ExpVectorLong) V;
321        if (val.length == 0) {
322            return Vl;
323        }
324        long[] w = new long[val.length + Vl.val.length];
325        System.arraycopy(val, 0, w, 0, val.length);
326        System.arraycopy(Vl.val, 0, w, val.length, Vl.val.length);
327        return new ExpVectorLong(w, true);
328    }
329
330
331    /**
332     * Permutation of exponent vector.
333     * @param P permutation.
334     * @return P(e).
335     */
336    @Override
337    public ExpVectorLong permutation(List<Integer> P) {
338        long[] w = new long[val.length];
339        int j = 0;
340        for (Integer i : P) {
341            w[j++] = val[i];
342        }
343        return new ExpVectorLong(w, true);
344    }
345
346
347    /**
348     * Get the string representation.
349     * @see java.lang.Object#toString()
350     */
351    @Override
352    public String toString() {
353        return super.toString() + ":long";
354    }
355
356
357    /**
358     * Comparison with any other object.
359     * @see java.lang.Object#equals(java.lang.Object)
360     */
361    @Override
362    public boolean equals(Object B) {
363        if (!(B instanceof ExpVectorLong)) {
364            return false;
365        }
366        ExpVectorLong b = (ExpVectorLong) B;
367        int t = this.invLexCompareTo(b);
368        //System.out.println("equals: this = " + this + " B = " + B + " t = " + t);
369        return (0 == t);
370    }
371
372
373    /**
374     * hashCode for this exponent vector.
375     * @see java.lang.Object#hashCode() Only for findbugs.
376     */
377    @Override
378    public int hashCode() {
379        return super.hashCode();
380    }
381
382
383    /**
384     * ExpVector absolute value.
385     * @return abs(this).
386     */
387    @Override
388    public ExpVectorLong abs() {
389        long[] u = val;
390        long[] w = new long[u.length];
391        for (int i = 0; i < u.length; i++) {
392            if (u[i] >= 0L) {
393                w[i] = u[i];
394            } else {
395                w[i] = -u[i];
396            }
397        }
398        return new ExpVectorLong(w, true);
399    }
400
401
402    /**
403     * ExpVector negate.
404     * @return -this.
405     */
406    @Override
407    public ExpVectorLong negate() {
408        long[] u = val;
409        long[] w = new long[u.length];
410        for (int i = 0; i < u.length; i++) {
411            w[i] = -u[i];
412        }
413        return new ExpVectorLong(w, true);
414    }
415
416
417    /**
418     * ExpVector summation.
419     * @param V
420     * @return this+V.
421     */
422    @Override
423    public ExpVectorLong sum(ExpVector V) {
424        long[] u = val;
425        long[] v = ((ExpVectorLong) V).val;
426        long[] w = new long[u.length];
427        for (int i = 0; i < u.length; i++) {
428            w[i] = u[i] + v[i];
429        }
430        return new ExpVectorLong(w, true);
431    }
432
433
434    /**
435     * ExpVector subtract. Result may have negative entries.
436     * @param V
437     * @return this-V.
438     */
439    @Override
440    public ExpVectorLong subtract(ExpVector V) {
441        long[] u = val;
442        long[] v = ((ExpVectorLong) V).val;
443        long[] w = new long[u.length];
444        for (int i = 0; i < u.length; i++) {
445            w[i] = u[i] - v[i];
446        }
447        return new ExpVectorLong(w, true);
448    }
449
450
451    /**
452     * ExpVector substitution. Clone and set exponent to d at position i.
453     * @param i position.
454     * @param d new exponent.
455     * @return substituted ExpVector.
456     */
457    @Override
458    public ExpVectorLong subst(int i, long d) {
459        ExpVectorLong V = this.copy();
460        //long e = 
461        V.setVal(i, d);
462        return V;
463    }
464
465
466    /**
467     * ExpVector signum.
468     * @return 0 if this is zero, -1 if some entry is negative, 1 if no entry is
469     *         negative and at least one entry is positive.
470     */
471    @Override
472    public int signum() {
473        int t = 0;
474        long[] u = val;
475        for (int i = 0; i < u.length; i++) {
476            if (u[i] < 0) {
477                return -1;
478            }
479            if (u[i] > 0) {
480                t = 1;
481            }
482        }
483        return t;
484    }
485
486
487    /**
488     * ExpVector total degree.
489     * @return sum of all exponents.
490     */
491    @Override
492    public long totalDeg() {
493        long t = 0;
494        long[] u = val; // U.val;
495        for (int i = 0; i < u.length; i++) {
496            t += u[i];
497        }
498        return t;
499    }
500
501
502    /**
503     * ExpVector maximal degree.
504     * @return maximal exponent.
505     */
506    @Override
507    public long maxDeg() {
508        long t = 0;
509        long[] u = val;
510        for (int i = 0; i < u.length; i++) {
511            if (u[i] > t) {
512                t = u[i];
513            }
514        }
515        return t;
516    }
517
518
519    /**
520     * ExpVector weighted degree.
521     * @param w weights.
522     * @return weighted sum of all exponents.
523     */
524    @Override
525    public long weightDeg(long[][] w) {
526        if (w == null || w.length == 0) {
527            return totalDeg(); // assume weight 1 
528        }
529        long t = 0;
530        long[] u = val;
531        for (int j = 0; j < w.length; j++) {
532            long[] wj = w[j];
533            for (int i = 0; i < u.length; i++) {
534                t += wj[i] * u[i];
535            }
536        }
537        return t;
538    }
539
540
541    /**
542     * ExpVector least common multiple.
543     * @param V
544     * @return component wise maximum of this and V.
545     */
546    @Override
547    public ExpVectorLong lcm(ExpVector V) {
548        long[] u = val;
549        long[] v = ((ExpVectorLong) V).val;
550        long[] w = new long[u.length];
551        for (int i = 0; i < u.length; i++) {
552            w[i] = (u[i] >= v[i] ? u[i] : v[i]);
553        }
554        return new ExpVectorLong(w, true);
555    }
556
557
558    /**
559     * ExpVector greatest common divisor.
560     * @param V
561     * @return component wise minimum of this and V.
562     */
563    @Override
564    public ExpVectorLong gcd(ExpVector V) {
565        long[] u = val;
566        long[] v = ((ExpVectorLong) V).val;
567        long[] w = new long[u.length];
568        for (int i = 0; i < u.length; i++) {
569            w[i] = (u[i] <= v[i] ? u[i] : v[i]);
570        }
571        return new ExpVectorLong(w, true);
572    }
573
574
575    /**
576     * ExpVector dependent variables.
577     * @return number of indices where val has positive exponents.
578     */
579    public int dependentVariables() {
580        int l = 0;
581        for (int i = 0; i < val.length; i++) {
582            if (val[i] > 0) {
583                l++;
584            }
585        }
586        return l;
587    }
588
589
590    /**
591     * ExpVector dependency on variables.
592     * @return array of indices where val has positive exponents.
593     */
594    @Override
595    public int[] dependencyOnVariables() {
596        long[] u = val;
597        int l = dependentVariables();
598        int[] dep = new int[l];
599        if (l == 0) {
600            return dep;
601        }
602        int j = 0;
603        for (int i = 0; i < u.length; i++) {
604            if (u[i] > 0) {
605                dep[j] = i;
606                j++;
607            }
608        }
609        return dep;
610    }
611
612
613    /**
614     * ExpVector multiple test. Test if this is component wise greater or equal
615     * to V.
616     * @param V
617     * @return true if this is a multiple of V, else false.
618     */
619    @Override
620    public boolean multipleOf(ExpVector V) {
621        long[] u = val;
622        long[] v = ((ExpVectorLong) V).val;
623        for (int i = 0; i < u.length; i++) {
624            if (u[i] < v[i]) {
625                return false;
626            }
627        }
628        return true;
629    }
630
631
632    /**
633     * ExpVector compareTo.
634     * @param V
635     * @return 0 if U == V, -1 if U &lt; V, 1 if U &gt; V.
636     */
637    @Override
638    public int compareTo(ExpVector V) {
639        return this.invLexCompareTo(V);
640    }
641
642
643    /**
644     * ExpVector inverse lexicographical compareTo.
645     * @param V
646     * @return 0 if U == V, -1 if U &lt; V, 1 if U &gt; V.
647     */
648    @Override
649    public int invLexCompareTo(ExpVector V) {
650        long[] u = val;
651        long[] v = ((ExpVectorLong) V).val;
652        int t = 0;
653        for (int i = 0; i < u.length; i++) {
654            if (u[i] > v[i])
655                return 1;
656            if (u[i] < v[i])
657                return -1;
658        }
659        return t;
660    }
661
662
663    /**
664     * ExpVector inverse lexicographical compareTo.
665     * @param V
666     * @param begin
667     * @param end
668     * @return 0 if U == V, -1 if U &lt; V, 1 if U &gt; V.
669     */
670    @Override
671    public int invLexCompareTo(ExpVector V, int begin, int end) {
672        long[] u = val;
673        long[] v = ((ExpVectorLong) V).val;
674        if (begin < 0) {
675            begin = 0;;
676        }
677        if (end >= val.length) {
678            end = val.length;
679        }
680        int t = 0;
681        for (int i = begin; i < end; i++) {
682            if (u[i] > v[i])
683                return 1;
684            if (u[i] < v[i])
685                return -1;
686        }
687        return t;
688    }
689
690
691    /**
692     * ExpVector inverse graded lexicographical compareTo.
693     * @param V
694     * @return 0 if U == V, -1 if U &lt; V, 1 if U &gt; V.
695     */
696    @Override
697    public int invGradCompareTo(ExpVector V) {
698        long[] u = val;
699        long[] v = ((ExpVectorLong) V).val;
700        int t = 0;
701        int i;
702        for (i = 0; i < u.length; i++) {
703            if (u[i] > v[i]) {
704                t = 1;
705                break;
706            }
707            if (u[i] < v[i]) {
708                t = -1;
709                break;
710            }
711        }
712        if (t == 0) {
713            return t;
714        }
715        long up = 0;
716        long vp = 0;
717        for (int j = i; j < u.length; j++) {
718            up += u[j];
719            vp += v[j];
720        }
721        if (up > vp) {
722            t = 1;
723        } else {
724            if (up < vp) {
725                t = -1;
726            }
727        }
728        return t;
729    }
730
731
732    /**
733     * ExpVector inverse graded lexicographical compareTo.
734     * @param V
735     * @param begin
736     * @param end
737     * @return 0 if U == V, -1 if U &lt; V, 1 if U &gt; V.
738     */
739    @Override
740    public int invGradCompareTo(ExpVector V, int begin, int end) {
741        long[] u = val;
742        long[] v = ((ExpVectorLong) V).val;
743        if (begin < 0) {
744            begin = 0;;
745        }
746        if (end >= val.length) {
747            end = val.length;
748        }
749        int t = 0;
750        int i;
751        for (i = begin; i < end; i++) {
752            if (u[i] > v[i]) {
753                t = 1;
754                break;
755            }
756            if (u[i] < v[i]) {
757                t = -1;
758                break;
759            }
760        }
761        if (t == 0) {
762            return t;
763        }
764        long up = 0;
765        long vp = 0;
766        for (int j = i; j < end; j++) {
767            up += u[j];
768            vp += v[j];
769        }
770        if (up > vp) {
771            t = 1;
772        } else {
773            if (up < vp) {
774                t = -1;
775            }
776        }
777        return t;
778    }
779
780
781    /**
782     * ExpVector reverse inverse lexicographical compareTo.
783     * @param V
784     * @return 0 if U == V, -1 if U &lt; V, 1 if U &gt; V.
785     */
786    @Override
787    public int revInvLexCompareTo(ExpVector V) {
788        long[] u = val;
789        long[] v = ((ExpVectorLong) V).val;
790        int t = 0;
791        for (int i = u.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
792            if (u[i] > v[i])
793                return 1;
794            if (u[i] < v[i])
795                return -1;
796        }
797        return t;
798    }
799
800
801    /**
802     * ExpVector reverse inverse lexicographical compareTo.
803     * @param V
804     * @param begin
805     * @param end
806     * @return 0 if U == V, -1 if U &lt; V, 1 if U &gt; V.
807     */
808    @Override
809    public int revInvLexCompareTo(ExpVector V, int begin, int end) {
810        long[] u = val;
811        long[] v = ((ExpVectorLong) V).val;
812        if (begin < 0) {
813            begin = 0;;
814        }
815        if (end >= val.length) {
816            end = val.length;
817        }
818        int t = 0;
819        for (int i = end - 1; i >= begin; i--) {
820            if (u[i] > v[i])
821                return 1;
822            if (u[i] < v[i])
823                return -1;
824        }
825        return t;
826    }
827
828
829    /**
830     * ExpVector reverse inverse graded compareTo.
831     * @param V
832     * @return 0 if U == V, -1 if U &lt; V, 1 if U &gt; V.
833     */
834    @Override
835    public int revInvGradCompareTo(ExpVector V) {
836        long[] u = val;
837        long[] v = ((ExpVectorLong) V).val;
838        int t = 0;
839        int i;
840        for (i = u.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
841            if (u[i] > v[i]) {
842                t = 1;
843                break;
844            }
845            if (u[i] < v[i]) {
846                t = -1;
847                break;
848            }
849        }
850        if (t == 0) {
851            return t;
852        }
853        long up = 0;
854        long vp = 0;
855        for (int j = i; j >= 0; j--) {
856            up += u[j];
857            vp += v[j];
858        }
859        if (up > vp) {
860            t = 1;
861        } else {
862            if (up < vp) {
863                t = -1;
864            }
865        }
866        return t;
867    }
868
869
870    /**
871     * ExpVector reverse inverse graded compareTo.
872     * @param V
873     * @param begin
874     * @param end
875     * @return 0 if U == V, -1 if U &lt; V, 1 if U &gt; V.
876     */
877    @Override
878    public int revInvGradCompareTo(ExpVector V, int begin, int end) {
879        long[] u = val;
880        long[] v = ((ExpVectorLong) V).val;
881        if (begin < 0) {
882            begin = 0;;
883        }
884        if (end >= val.length) {
885            end = val.length;
886        }
887        int t = 0;
888        int i;
889        for (i = end - 1; i >= begin; i--) {
890            if (u[i] > v[i]) {
891                t = 1;
892                break;
893            }
894            if (u[i] < v[i]) {
895                t = -1;
896                break;
897            }
898        }
899        if (t == 0) {
900            return t;
901        }
902        long up = 0;
903        long vp = 0;
904        for (int j = i; j >= begin; j--) {
905            up += u[j];
906            vp += v[j];
907        }
908        if (up > vp) {
909            t = 1;
910        } else {
911            if (up < vp) {
912                t = -1;
913            }
914        }
915        return t;
916    }
917
918
919    /**
920     * ExpVector inverse weighted lexicographical compareTo.
921     * @param w weight array.
922     * @param V
923     * @return 0 if U == V, -1 if U &lt; V, 1 if U &gt; V.
924     */
925    @Override
926    public int invWeightCompareTo(long[][] w, ExpVector V) {
927        long[] u = val;
928        long[] v = ((ExpVectorLong) V).val;
929        int t = 0;
930        int i;
931        for (i = 0; i < u.length; i++) {
932            if (u[i] > v[i]) {
933                t = 1;
934                break;
935            }
936            if (u[i] < v[i]) {
937                t = -1;
938                break;
939            }
940        }
941        if (t == 0) {
942            return t;
943        }
944        for (int k = 0; k < w.length; k++) {
945            long[] wk = w[k];
946            long up = 0;
947            long vp = 0;
948            for (int j = i; j < u.length; j++) {
949                up += wk[j] * u[j];
950                vp += wk[j] * v[j];
951            }
952            if (up > vp) {
953                return 1;
954            } else if (up < vp) {
955                return -1;
956            }
957        }
958        return t;
959    }
960
961
962    /**
963     * ExpVector inverse weighted lexicographical compareTo.
964     * @param w weight array.
965     * @param V
966     * @param begin
967     * @param end
968     * @return 0 if U == V, -1 if U &lt; V, 1 if U &gt; V.
969     */
970    @Override
971    public int invWeightCompareTo(long[][] w, ExpVector V, int begin, int end) {
972        long[] u = val;
973        long[] v = ((ExpVectorLong) V).val;
974        if (begin < 0) {
975            begin = 0;;
976        }
977        if (end >= val.length) {
978            end = val.length;
979        }
980        int t = 0;
981        int i;
982        for (i = begin; i < end; i++) {
983            if (u[i] > v[i]) {
984                t = 1;
985                break;
986            }
987            if (u[i] < v[i]) {
988                t = -1;
989                break;
990            }
991        }
992        if (t == 0) {
993            return t;
994        }
995        for (int k = 0; k < w.length; k++) {
996            long[] wk = w[k];
997            long up = 0;
998            long vp = 0;
999            for (int j = i; j < end; j++) {
1000                up += wk[j] * u[j];
1001                vp += wk[j] * v[j];
1002            }
1003            if (up > vp) {
1004                return 1;
1005            } else if (up < vp) {
1006                return -1;
1007            }
1008        }
1009        return t;
1010    }
1011
1012}