Netz von Netzen
Hardware
Software
Protokoll-Schichten
TCP/IP
Anwendungen
Gigabit Testbed
Quelle: DFN e.V.
Schicht | Bemerkungen |
---|---|
5. Verarbeitung | Telnet, FTP, SMTP, NNTP, HTTP |
4. Transport | TCP, UDP |
3. Vermittlung | IP, Internet Protocoll |
2. Sicherung | Adapter-Karten |
1. Bitübertragung | Leitungen, Elektronik |
nach Tanenbaum
IP-Pakete: Transport der Informationen in Paketen
IP-Adresse: 134.155.50.127
% ifconfig lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Bcast:127.255.255.255 Mask:255.0.0.0 UP BROADCAST LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:3584 Metric:1 RX packets:28 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 TX packets:28 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 dummy0 Link encap:10Mbps Ethernet HWaddr 00:00:00:00:00:00 inet addr:10.1.1.254 Bcast:10.255.255.255 Mask:255.0.0.0 UP BROADCAST RUNNING NOARP MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 ippp0 Link encap:Point-Point Protocol inet addr:134.155.18.49 P-t-P:134.155.52.241 Mask:255.0.0.0 UP POINTOPOINT RUNNING NOARP MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:3711 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 TX packets:4562 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 eth0 Link encap:10Mbps Ethernet HWaddr 00:00:C0:F7:8B:2D inet addr:10.1.1.254 Bcast:10.1.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:1414 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 TX packets:2157 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 Interrupt:10 Base address:0x310 Memory:d4000-d8000
Verbindungstest
% ping 134.155.50.127 PING 134.155.50.127: 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 134.155.50.127: icmp_seq=0. time=63. ms 64 bytes from 134.155.50.127: icmp_seq=1. time=62. ms 64 bytes from 134.155.50.127: icmp_seq=2. time=63. ms 64 bytes from 134.155.50.127: icmp_seq=3. time=31. ms 64 bytes from 134.155.50.127: icmp_seq=4. time=31. ms ----134.155.50.127 PING Statistics---- 5 packets transmitted, 5 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip (ms) min/avg/max = 31/50/63
% netstat -i Kernel Interface table Iface MTU Met RX-OK RX-ERR RX-DRP RX-OVR TX-OK TX-ERR TX-DRP TX-OVR Flags lo 3584 0 28 0 0 0 28 0 0 0 BLRU dummy 1500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BORU ippp0 1500 0 3711 0 0 0 4562 0 0 0 OPRU eth0 1500 0 1414 0 0 0 2157 0 0 0 BRU
Domainnamen: rechner.subnetz.country.area
% nslookup www.netscape.com Server: rumms.uni-mannheim.de Address: 134.155.50.52 Non-authoritative answer: Name: www3.netscape.com Address: 205.218.156.44 Aliases: www.netscape.com
Routing: Wege der IP-Pakete
% traceroute www.netscape.com 0 hicomgw1s.uni-mannheim.de (134.155.30.254) 31 ms 63 ms 31 ms 1 hicomgw1s.uni-mannheim.de (134.155.30.254) 31 ms 32 ms 62 ms 2 mannhattan.uni-mannheim.de (134.155.50.200) 31 ms 62 ms 32 ms 3 Mannheim1.BelWue.DE (129.143.61.1) 31 ms 31 ms 62 ms 4 Uni-Mannheim1.WiN-IP.DFN.DE (188.1.5.37) 32 ms 63 ms 62 ms 5 ZR-Karlsruhe1.WiN-IP.DFN.DE (188.1.5.33) 32 ms 62 ms 31 ms 6 ZR-Frankfurt1.WiN-IP.DFN.DE (188.1.144.37) 63 ms 31 ms 63 ms 7 IR-Perryman1.WiN-IP.DFN.DE (188.1.144.78) 156 ms 156 ms * 8 166.48.39.253 (166.48.39.253) 156 ms 156 ms 125 ms 9 core2.SanFrancisco.mci.net (204.70.4.201) 219 ms 219 ms 250 ms 10 borderx2-fddi-1.SanFrancisco.mci.net (204.70.158.68) 219 ms 219 ms 219 ms 11 netscape-ds3.SanFrancisco.mci.net (204.70.158.122) 218 ms 219 ms 218 ms 12 h-207-200-71-20.netscape.com (207.200.71.20) 219 ms 219 ms 218 ms 13 www24.netscape.com (207.200.73.73) 219 ms * 219 ms
% netstat -r Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface kredel-wh.isdn. * 255.255.255.255 UH 1500 0 0 dummy0 tc1.rz.uni-mann * 255.255.255.255 UH 1500 0 0 ippp0 10.1.1.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 1500 0 0 eth0 loopback * 255.0.0.0 U 3584 0 0 lo default * 0.0.0.0 U 1500 0 0 ippp0
Beispiele:
ifconfig lo 127.0.0.1 route add localhost 127.0.0.1 0 route add default ippp0
TCP/IP unter DOS und Windows95/NT:
kein ifconfig, traceroute
Ersatz: winipcfg, tracert
Provider bieten Verbindung zum Internet
Online-Dienste und Server-Betreiber
Dial-in:
Telefonanschluß, Modem,
Terminalprogramm, Decoder
Dial-up-IP: eigene IP-Adresse
SLIP Serial Line IP,
PPP Point to Point Protokoll
Browser, FTP
Standleitungen:
LAN Local Area Network, "Intranet"
WAN Wide Area Network
Kostenteilungsprinzip:
Zahlen des eigenen Netzes (LAN, Karten)
Zahlen von Verbindungen zu einigen Nachbarn (WAN, Modem)
Alle Welt darf meine Leitungen benutzen
Ich habe das Recht in aller Welt Leitungen zu benutzen
© Universität Mannheim, Rechenzentrum, 1998/1999.